Designing a building such that its interiors may allow for passive survivability and the ability for occupants to shelter in place during an extreme temperature event can be assessed using the standard effective temperature (SET) metric.
There are many ways of gauging the relative heating and/or cooling needs of a building due to the local climate. However, a long-established metric is the "degree day"
The American Architectural Manufacturers Association updated a document describing a standardized test to evaluate heat build-up effects due to infrared exposure on fenestration products.